Sublethal effects of propiconazole on the metabolism of lambari Deuterodon iguape (Eigenmann 1907), a native species from Brazil.

The objective of this study was to analyze the sublethal effects of propiconazole on Deuterodon iguape, a native fish common in Brazil, which has potential for aquaculture and use as a bioindicator. The hypothesis was to test whether D. iguape has a metabolism similar to Danio rerio so that its use in bioassays may be validated. Lethal concentration (LC50) and metabolic rates were studied in fish exposed to propiconazole. Specific oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion for D. iguape and D. rerio increased by 0.01 µg L-1 and then decreased as the propiconazole concentration increased. The decrease in the averages of specific oxygen consumption at the concentration of 0.1 µg L-1 represented a reduction in the metabolic rate compared to the control of 71% for D. iguape and 40% D. rerio. For the ammonia excretion, at the same concentration, there was a reduction of 68.7% and 45.4% for D. iguape and D. rerio, respectively. When comparing ammonia excretion of the two species for each concentration of propiconazole, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in relation to the control and for the highest concentration (0.1 µg L-1). As for specific oxygen consumption, there was a statistically significant difference only for the concentration of 0.1 µg L-1. D. iguape proved to be a good and useful bioindicator for ichthyologists or ecologists in studies of moderate pesticide contamination in freshwater aquatic environments, as its metabolic response was similar to D. rerio.

Carbofuran affects behavior and metabolism of the Atlantic Forest lambari Deuterodon iguape, a native species from Brazil.

One of the major causes of aquatic biodiversity loss is the contamination of the environment by pesticides. Even though there is a considerable amount of studies on the subject, there are still few that deal with the effects of carbofuran on native species in Brazil. Although carbofuran is widely used in Brazil, its action on native organisms, such as the Atlantic Forest lambari Deuterodon iguape, has not yet been studied. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to carbofuran on the fish D. iguape, considering the behavior and specific oxygen consumption as end points. Opercular movements, dorsal fin movements, and swimming speed were analyzed as behavioral parameters. To assess specific oxygen consumption, fish were subjected to concentrations of 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L, for 24 h. For behavior analysis, fish remained exposed to carbofuran at concentrations of 0.0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/L, in periods of 0, 2, 24, and 48 h. The behavior was studied through filming, analyzed with the free software, Tracker 4.92 (Open Source Physics). The results demonstrate an increase in opercular movements (18% ± 2.65) and a decrease in dorsal fin movements (- 21.2% ± 2.97), as well as in swimming speed (- 58.3% ± 1.83) of the experimental groups compared to the control group. There was an increase in oxygen consumption of 58.4% in fish exposed to the highest concentration of carbofuran. Thus, it is concluded that carbofuran altered D. iguape's behavior and oxygen consumption. The species was sensitive to carbofuran concentrations and can be used as a bioindicator.

Effect of Fluoxetine Hydrochloride on Routine Metabolism of Lambari (Deuterodon iguape, Eigenmann, 1907) and Phantom Shrimp (Palaemon pandaliformis, Stimpson, 1871)

HIGHLIGHTS Fluoxetine increases the metabolic rate and excretion of ammonia in both species. O:N ratio in fish showed higher values in the highest concentrations of fluoxetine. The LC50 - 96 hour values of Palaemon pandaliformis represented greater toxicity. Both species are a good biological model for fluoxetine exposure studies.

Abstract Fluoxetine is an emerging pollutant that acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and being a hydrolytic molecule that is photolytically stable and accumulaties in biological tissues, its disposal in the aquatic environment can interfere with the physiology of fish and shrimp. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of fluoxetine on routine metabolism (metabolic rate, specific ammonia excretion and O:N ratio) of Deuterodon iguape and Palaemon pandaliformis. For this, five groups of each species, were exposed to different concentrations of fluoxetine for 24 hours (D. iguape) and 2 hours (P. pandaliformis). The results demonstrated that in D. iguape exposure to fluoxetine significantly increased both the metabolic rate by 75%, 85%, 55% and 50% for concentrations of 0.05; 0.1; 0.5 and 1.0 mgL-1, respectively, and the specific ammonia excretion by 40%, 48% and 20% for concentrations of 0.05; 0.1 and 0.5 mgL-1, respectively, when compared with their control. The O:N ratio was statistically greater in concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mgL-1. Concerning P. pandaliformis, exposure to fluoxetine increased metabolic rate at concentrations 30.0 and 60.0 µgL-1, and also increased specific ammonia excretion at concentrations 10.0, 30.0 and 60.0 µgL-1, when compared with the control group. It was concluded that exposure to fluoxetine increases the routine metabolism of both species and that at the concentration 1.0 mgL-1, Deuterodon iguape required different energy substrates.

Detecção de Salmonella spp. em mexilhões Perna perna dos bancos naturais de baía densamente urbanizada / Salmonella spp. detection in brown mussels Perna perna from natural sea beds of a densely urbanized bay

O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de Salmonella spp. em amostras de mexilhão Perna perna(L.) de bancos naturais da Ilha das Palmas, Baia de Santos, São Paulo, Brasil. No período de agosto de 2010 a julho de 2011 foram realizadas dez coletas de mexilhões Perna perna de três pontos distintos, no total de 29 amostras. Estas foram processadas segundo a metodologia descrita no Compendium of Methods forthe Microbiological Examination of Foods. A Salmonella spp. foi isolada em 20,7 por cento das amostras analisadas. As cepas de Salmonella spp. apresentaram quatro diferentes sorotipos dentre os seis isolados. O sorotipo dominante foi o S. Livingstone, detectado em três (50 por cento) amostras, e os demais (S. Infantis, S. enterica subsp.salamae e S. Albany) foram isolados de uma amostra (16,6 por cento). Salienta-se que em cada um dos pontos de coleta foram isoladas duas cepas distintas de Samonella spp,; no ponto 1 S. Livingstone e S. Albany, ponto 2S. Infantis e S. Livingstone, e ponto 3 S. enterica subsp. salamae e S. Livingstone. A S. Livingstone foi isolada em amostras de três pontos, duas no mês de janeiro de 2011 e uma no mês de junho de 2011.

Chemical and bacteriological evaluation of the water and mussels from Santos bay, São Paulo, Brazil

The sea water and Perna perna mussels samples were bimonthly collected from Santos bay from December 2006 to April 2008, and the occurrence of heavy metals, organic compounds and bacteria were investigated. Water and mussel meat quality were assessed following the Brazilian legislation. The analyses on heavy metals mercury, lead, zinc and cadmium contents were performed using atomic absorption spectrometry.The mussel meat was investigated by analytical methodologies following the international recommendations. Among the analyzed sea water samples, at least one sample showed chlorine, phosphorus, sulfide, total fluoride, ammoniac nitrogen, aluminum, lead and iron contents out of the established limits. In one mussel meat sample only a high peak of zinc concentration was found. The bacteriological agents found in water and mussel meat samples were sporadically above the recommended values.

Amostras de água do mar e de mexilhão Perna perna, coletadas bimestralmente da baía de Santos, no período de dezembro de 2006 a abril de 2008, foram analisadas quanto à presença de metais pesados, compostos orgânicos e bactérias. A qualidade da água e da carne de mexilhão foi avaliada seguindo-se a legislação brasileira. As análises dos metais pesados mercúrio, chumbo, zinco e cádmio foram realizadas pela técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica. As amostras de carne de mexilhão foram analisadas de acordo com as recomendações internacionais. Entre as amostras de água do mar, pelo menos uma apresentou teor de o cloro, fósforo, sulfeto, fluoreto total, nitrogênio amoniacal, alumínio, chumbo e ferro fora dos limites estabelecidos. Apenas uma amostra de carne do mexilhão apresentou pico elevado de concentração de zinco. Os agentes bacteriológicos analisados nas amostras de água e de carne estavam esporadicamente acima dos valores recomendados.